Europe Agrigenomics Market Report

Europe Agrigenomics Market Size

Europe agrigenomics market was valued at USD 1.20 billion in 2024 and is anticipated to reach USD 1.31 billion in 2025 and USD 2.71 billion by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 9.46% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2033.

Current Introduction to the Europe Agrigenomics Market

Agrigenomics refers to the application of genomic technologies, including next-generation sequencing, marker-assisted selection, and gene editing, to enhance genetic traits in crops and livestock for improved yield, disease resistance, and climate resilience. This field has become pivotal as the European Union confronts the dual imperatives of food security and environmental sustainability under the Farm to Fork Strategy. According to Sources, the European Union is seeing an increasing adoption of certified seed varieties, with the seed sector continually introducing new varieties, some of which benefit from advanced plant breeding innovations and genomic tools. The EU Common Catalogue is regularly updated with a large number of new crop varieties annually. A growing proportion of these varieties isdeveloped using modern breeding techniques, including genomic selection, to improve efficiency and sustainability. National research initiatives like Germany’s Plant Breeding Innovation Platform and France’s GenoToul infrastructure provide open access to sequencing and bioinformatics resources for public and private breeders. Agrigenomics has evolved into a significant component of Europe’s precision agriculture, with many farms utilizing genomic testing for breeding decisions. This technology is increasingly used in larger, specialized farms to improve animal health, efficiency, and productivity.

MARKET DRIVERS

Integration of Genomic Selection in EU Crop and Livestock Breeding Programs

Genomic selection has become a core driver of the Europe agrigenomics market. This is due to its systematic adoption in public and private breeding programs aimed at accelerating genetic gain. Agricultural selection in several European nations has shifted significantly toward the systematic use of genomic analysis to inform breeding choices for livestock. The widespread adoption of high-density genotyping technologies has become a standard practice for assessing animal populations before reproductive decisions are finalized. This transition toward data-driven breeding has resulted in a notable compression of generation intervals, allowing for more rapid population turnover. Genetic improvements in livestock now show a consistent upward trend, particularly regarding productivity levels and general health characteristics. In the plant breeding sector, the integration of predictive modeling has become a primary method for developing new crop varieties. Current crop selection strategies prioritize resilience, specifically focusing on maintaining stable yields despite fluctuating environmental and climatic conditions. National breeding institutes operate high-throughput phenotyping and sequencing pipelines that integrate field data with genomic markers. These structured programs transform agrigenomics from an experimental technique into a routine operational tool across Europe’s agricultural value chain.

Policy Support for Digital and Precision Agriculture Under the Common Agricultural Policy

The European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy post 2023 explicitly incentivizes the adoption of digital tools to ultimately contribute to the Europe agrigenomics market expansion. This includes precision farming technologies and data-driven approaches, which are supported through eco-scheme payments and rural development funding to enhance sustainability and competitiveness. Multiple national agricultural frameworks list advanced genetic analysis and selection in breeding as eligible activities within their implementation plans. Funding supports livestock producers using molecular breeding for environmental mitigation and health improvements. Public funding is also enabling smaller organizations' access to genomic sequencing for developing climate-adapted plant varieties. A regional trend indicates national plans are prioritizing modernizing breeding programs via biotechnology adoption. The EU’s Digital Europe Programme has also funded pan-European platforms like EUAgrigenome that offer cloud-based genomic analysis compliant with GDPR. These policy mechanisms not only lower adoption barriers but also align agrigenomics with broader sustainability targets, including the reduction in pesticide use anclimate-neutralal agriculture by 2050.

MARKET RESTRAINTS

Strict EU Regulatory Framework on Gene Editing and Genetically Modified Organisms

The European Union’s restrictive stance on gene editing techniques, which remain regulated as genetically modified organisms, thereby restricts the growth of the Europe agrigenomics market. The 2018 ruling by the European Court of Justice determined that products of modern gene-editing techniques face a substantial regulatory burden, similar to that of conventionally modified crops. Moreover, the strict EU regulatory framework has severely limited the number of gene-edited crop applications and has effectively prevented commercial authorization of these crops for cultivation within the region. This legal uncertainty discourages investment in advanced genomic breeding despite global scientific consensus on the precision and safety of these tools. The current regulatory challenges and legal uncertainty in the EU have led many public research institutions to reduce or abandon gene-editing projects, impacting the region's scientific competitiveness and innovation in plant science. Consequently, European breeders rely on slower marker-assisted selection while competitors in the United States and Brazil deploy gene-edited traits for drought and pest resistance, which erodes Europe’s technological competitiveness in agricultural innovation.

High Cost and Limited Accessibility of Genomic Services for Small Farmers and Breeders

The high cost and technical complexity of genomic technologies, despite policy support, disproportionately affect small-scale farmers and regional seed companies and remain a major barrier to the Europe agrigenomics market. According to European agricultural advocacy groups, the expense of genomic selection for breeding remains a barrier for small-scale operators, despite most livestock holdings across the European Union being composed of modest herds as tracked by Eurostat. Similarly, small seed companies in Southern and Eastern Europe lack access tohigh-throughputt sequencing infrastructure. A limited number of European Union member states provide government-funded genomic services to assist smaller breeding enterprises in remaining competitive within the seed and livestock landscapes. Reports from European environmental and statistical agencies indicate a significant disparity in the adoption of precision genomic tools, with Northern European nations integrating these technologies extensively while countries in Southeastern Europe utilize them on a much smaller portion of their agricultural land. The potential of agrigenomics for inclusive rural progress is at risk of being unfulfilled without targeted financial investment and accessible bioinformatics platforms, which in turn could widen the gap between large and small agricultural enterprises.

MARKET OPPORTUNITIES

Expansion of Genomic Tools for Climate-Resilient and Low-Input Crop Varieties

The development of crop varieties engineered for climate resilience and resource efficiency using non-transgenic genomic selection introduces potential opportunities for the Europe agrigenomics market growth. New cereal crop varieties increasingly incorporate genomic markers associated with enhanced root depth, nitrogen use efficiency, and heat tolerance characteristics. Research has identified genomic regions in certain vegetable crops that confer tolerance to high-salinity soil conditions. Seed companies are beginning to use machine learning to predict crop performance under water scarcity. Furthermore, the European Plant Phenotyping Network provides open access to imaging and sensor data that validate genomic predictions. These advances position agrigenomics as a science-based engine for delivering on the EU’s climate adaptation and input reduction goals without triggering GMO regulations.

Growth of Livestock Genomics for Antimicrobial Reduction and Welfare Traits

The application of agricultural genomics in the regional livestock systems is expanding rapidly to support the EU’s ambitious target of reducing antimicrobial use significantly by 2030, which offers potential prospects for the Europe agrigenomics market expansion. Genetic selection for enhanced disease resilience and robustness is increasingly recognized as a sustainable approach for reducing reliance on antibiotic treatments in pig herds across Europe. Genomic information is broadly integrated into national dairy cattle breeding programs in Nordic countries to improve mastitis resistance, a practice supported by a history of extensive data collection and a focus on herd health. Additionally, ongoing revisions to EU animal welfare legislation, guided by EFSA scientific opinions, address key welfare issues like lameness and calving difficulties, encouraging breeding practices that avoid extreme traits associated with animal suffering. EU initiatives encourage the use of data and digital tools to enhance farm sustainability and manage nutrient usage efficiently. These regulatory and economic incentives transform livestock genomics from a productivity tool into a public health and welfare enabler, aligning animal breeding with Europe’s One Health and ethical farming principles.

MARKET CHALLENGES

Fragmented Data Standards and Lack of Interoperable Genomic Databases

The absence of harmonized data formats and interoperable genomic databases across member states impedes large-scale genomic prediction and cross-border collaboration, which is a major challenge hindering the Europe agrigenomics market. According to research, a multitude of national and regional systems for livestock data exist across the EU, but a significant proportion of these struggle to achieve full alignment with international best practices for data structure and quality control, presenting ongoing challenges for data harmonization and comparability across the continent. In crops, the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources maintains collections, but phenotypic and genomic data are often siloed in institutional repositories with incompatible metadata. As per studies and reports from plant science organizations, data management and integration present considerable financial and logistical challenges, often representing a substantial portion of the overall project expenses in multi-country collaborative breeding initiatives. European breeders are unable to use large-scale, pan-continental data sets for complex traits such as heat tolerance and feed efficiency without a unified European agrigenomic data infrastructure. This lack of infrastructure limits the effectiveness and impact of genomic technologies across the single market.

Public Skepticism and Ethical Concerns Around Genetic Data Use in Agriculture

Persistent public skepticism regarding the ethical use of genetic data in food production influences policy and consumer acceptance, despite scientific advances, and obstructs the expansion of the Europe agrigenomics market. Observations indicate that a significant portion of the European public maintains reservations regarding the application of genetic data in livestock production, primarily due to perceived risks to biological diversity and the further consolidation of agricultural practices. Regulatory frameworks in certain regions have responded to these shifts in public sentiment by implementing constraints on the use of genomic selection for specific animal characteristics. Procedures requiring broader public engagement and transparency are becoming more prevalentbeforeo the introduction of new breeding lineages into the market. Expert advisory bodies have identified a need for comprehensive evaluations to determine how advanced breeding technologies may influence the well-being of animals. The general pattern suggests a move toward more cautious oversight and the integration of ethical considerations into the management of genomic programs. Such social license constraints delay innovation and increase compliance costs as companies must navigate divergent national ethics frameworks. Resistance to agrigenomics will persist beyond technical and regulatory issues until transparent public dialogue and clear ethical guidelines are implemented.

REPORT COVERAGE

SEGMENT ANALYSIS

By Application Insights

The crops segment dominated the Europe agrigenomics market in 2024. The dominance of the crops segment is attributed to the continent’s intensive arable farming systems and policy-driven emphasis on developingclimate-resilientt andinput-efficientt varieties. Millions of hectares of agricultural land are planted annually with certified seed of major crops, including wheat, maize, barley, and oilseed rape. The breeding pipelines for these crops increasingly incorporate genomic selection. A substantial majority of new cereal varieties submitted for registration utilize genomic prediction models to enhance traits such as drought tolerance and disease resistance. National research programs provide breeders with access to high-throughput phenotyping and sequencing infrastructure. Furthermore, the Common Agricultural Policy’s eco schemes incentivize the adoption of varieties developed through genomic tools to reduce pesticide and fertilizer dependency. These structural agricultural policies and innovation drivers solidify crops as the largest and most strategically significant application segment in Europe’s agrigenomics landscape.

The livestock segment is predicted to witness the highest CAGR of 14.8% from 2025 to 2033 due to the EU’s Farm to Fork Strategy,y which mandates a reduction in antimicrobial use in livestock by 2030, making genomic selection for disease resilience a critical compliance tool. A significant volume of animals within farming systems underwent a process of genetic profiling across several regions. Breeding programs in specific geographic areas consistently integrate various health and wellness indicators as part of standard selection criteria. These selection criteria focus on improving resilience against common health issues and enhancing overall animal digestive well-being. The use of genetic indicators related to animal health traits is recognized as a valid metric within certain administrative frameworks that determine eligibility for financial support mechanisms. Additionally, rising consumer demand for welfare-certified meat and dairy has pushed retailers like Edeka and Coop to require genomic verification of breeding practices. These regulatory market and ethical imperatives position livestock genomics as the most dynamically expanding frontier in European agrigenomics.

By Objective Insights

The genotyping segment led the Europe agrigenomics market in 2024, as it serves as the foundational and most cost-effective genomic tool for both crop and livestock breeding programs. Genomic tools have become the primary method for implementing selection processes and predictive modeling within both public and private breeding sectors. Standardized high-density genotyping platforms are now utilized routinely for the evaluation of major dairy populations across the continent. The application of molecular markers has expanded from primary livestock to include a broader range of minor species through the development of specialized panels. The integration of these technologies has been supported by various initiatives aimed at reducing costs and increasing the volume of animals assessed. Organizational frameworks increasingly rely on consistent genotyping methodologies to maintain evaluation standards across different breeding entities. National infrastructures like France’s Gentyane platform and Denmark’s VikingLab offer subsidizedhigh-throughputt genotyping services,s ensuring accessibility for small breeders. This widespread standardization, affordability, ty and integration into official breeding schemes cement genotyping as the dominant objective in Europe’s agrigenomic workflow.

marker-assisted selection segment is estimated to register the fastest CAGR of 16.2% during the forecast period, due to its strategic role in accelerating the development climate-adaptiveive anddisease-resistantt varieties without triggering EU GMO regulations. The European Union seed sector is increasingly focused on developing and promoting crop varieties, such as wheat and potatoes, with improved genetic resistance to prevalent diseases like Fusarium head blight and late blight to enhance agricultural resilience against climate change and reduce reliance on chemical inputs. In livestock, marker-assisted selection is increasingly used to introgress alleles for methane reduction and heat tolerance from local breeds into commercial lines under the EU’s Biodiversa+ initiative. Additionally, European Union legislative bodies are actively negotiating and moving toward new regulations on plant reproductive material and new genomic techniques, aiming to create a framework that facilitates the registration of new varieties, particularly those exhibiting enhanced sustainability traits and climate resilience. These scientific policy and market synergies position marker-assisted selection as the most rapidly scaling and strategically vital objective in European agrigenomics.

By Sequencer Insights

The Illumina HiSeq family segment was the largest in the Europe agrigenomics market in 2024. The supremacy of the Illumina HiSeq family segment is credited to its proven accuracy, scalability,y, and established bioinformatics ecosystemfor high-throughputt genomic applications in both crops and livestock. Large-scale genomic infrastructure across the region demonstrates a significant reliance on specific high-throughput sequencing technologies for diverse biological assessments. Regional sequencing centers frequently utilize standardized sequencing platforms to manage the processing requirements for extensive collections of agricultural and biological samples. Data submission protocols established by research networks encourage technical compatibility with prevailing sequencing systems to facilitate collaborative analysis. The widespread adoption of these common platforms supports the integration of diverse datasets across various public and private laboratory environments. Standardization of sequencing methodologies serves to ensure interoperability and data consistency within broader scientific research frameworks. Furthermore, Illumina’s partnerships with breeding companies have led to customized library prep kits for polyploid crops and livestock genomes. This combination of technical reliability, community adoptio,,n, and vendor support has made Illumina the de facto standard for agrigenomic sequencing across Europe’s research and commercial landscape.

The PacBio sequencers segment is anticipated to witness the fastest CAGR of 20.5% from 2025 to 2033. The rapid expansion of the PacBio sequencers segment is propelled by the critical need for high-quality reference genomes and structural variant detection in complex crop genomes such as wheat, eye,e,y and potato,ato which contain high levels of repetitive DNA and polyploidy. European research collaborations, such as the European Reference Genome Atlas initiative, are broadly adopting advanced long-read sequencing methods to create comprehensive, high-quality genome maps for a diverse array of species, including many important for future food security and ecosystem resilience. The ability to resolve haplotype phasing in livestock, essential for identifying causal variants in health traits, has also increased adoption in bovine and porcine genomics programs. Furthermore, European Union funding for large-scale biodiversity initiatives is increasingly prioritizing next-generation sequencing technologies to enhance the understanding of organisms, providing essential data for conservation strategies and addressing food security challenges. These scientific and funding tailwinds position PacBio as the most innovative and rapidly advancing sequencing technology in Europe’s agrigenomics ecosystem.

COUNTRY ANALYSIS

Netherlands Agrigenomics Market Analysis

The Netherlands was the top performer in the Europe agrigenomics market, accounting for a 21.6% share in 2024. The country's leading position is driven by its world-class agricultural research infrastructure, an integrated seed industry, and progressive breeding policies. A significant majority of entities involved in vegetable and flower seed development are integrating advanced breeding methodologies into their operations. Centralized service platforms provide extensive sequencing and data analysis capabilities to these entities. In the livestock sector, there is a requirement for universal advanced genetic assessment across registered animal breeds. Government support mechanisms are in place to financially assist smaller farming operations in adopting these genetic assessment technologies. The country hosts global seed giants like Bayer Crop Science and BASF Seeds,eds whose European R and D centers drive innovationclimate-resilientient traits. Furthermore, the Netherlands participates in EU-funded consortia such as EUAgrigenome that develop open-source genomic prediction models. These synergies of science policy and industry create a dense innovation ecosystem that positions the Netherlands as Europe’s agrigenomics nerve center.

France Agrigenomics Market Analysis

France was the second-largest region in the Europe agrigenomics market and captured a 18.9% share in 2024. The growth of the French market is propelled by its strong public research network and national investment in genomic infrastructure. Several operational platforms focused on genomic selection have been established throughout the country. These platforms collectively process a significant volume of both plant and animal samples. A substantial financial commitment has been directed towards agrigenomics through a major investment plan, focusing on livestock with specific traits and cereals better adapted to dry conditions. France’s seed sector, led by Limagrain and RAGT, routinely incorporates genomic data into variety registration dossiers submitted to the EU Common Catalogue. Additionally, the Ministry of Agriculture links subsidy payments to the use of genomic tools under CAP eco schemes. These coordinated public-private efforts ensure France remains a powerhouse of agrigenomic innovation and application.

Germany Agrigenomics Market Analysis

Germany is another key player in the Europe agrigenomics market due to its engineering excellence, regulatory rigor, and focus on sustainable crop breeding. German plant research institutions, supported by national funding, are increasingly integrating advanced field-based plant characterization methods with sophisticated genomic sequencing technologies to accelerate the breeding of resilient wheat and barley varieties. German breeders like KWS Saat and Strube use genomic selection to develop varieties with reduced nitrogen requirements in line with the National Climate Protection Plan. The Federal Office for Consumer Protection enforces strict traceability of genomic data, ensuring compliance with GDPR and ethical guidelines. Furthermore, Germany participates in extensive European collaborations, such as the Biodiversity Genomics Europe project, which works within the framework of the Horizon Europe Biodiversa+ partnership to apply genomic science for understanding and conserving the continent's wide range of plant genetic resources. These scientific policy and ethical frameworks position Germany as a high-integrity and sustainability-focused leader in European agrigenomics.

Denmark Agrigenomics Market Analysis

Denmark grew steadily in the Europe agricultural market owing to its globally recognized dairy and pig breeding programs that rely heavily on genomic selection. The Danish agriculture sector widely embraces genomic testing of the vast majority of its dairy heifers before insemination. This practice is facilitated by major breeding organizations in the region, such as VikingGenetics, which runs one of the largest SNP genotyping laboratories in Europe. The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration requires genomic verification of disease resilience traits for all breeding stock as part of the national antimicrobial reduction strategy. The country also invests in public good genomics through Aarhus University’s Center for Quantitative Genetics, which develops open source prediction models for feed efficiency and welfare traits. Denmark’s participation in the EuroGenomics network ensures data standardization across Nordic and EU breeding populations. These institutionalized and data-driven practices make Denmark a benchmark for livestock agrigenomics in Europe.

United Kingdom Agrigenomics Market Analysis

The United Kingdom is likely to expand in the Europe agricultural market from 2025 to 2033 due to its strong academic research base and post Brexit regulatory autonomy in genomic technologies. The allocation of resources supports a consistent volume of genomic initiatives focused on enhancing crop resilience and yield. Specialized research institutions maintain a primary focus on the genomic sequencing and improvement of staple cereal and oilseed varieties. Legislative updates have introduced distinct classifications for organisms developed through precision breeding techniques. Modified regulatory frameworks now distinguish gene-edited products from traditional genetically modified organisms, streamlining the transition from laboratory to field. The evolution of the legal landscape has encouraged increased commercial interest and capital flow into advanced agricultural genomic technologies. Companies have expanded UK operations to leverage this framework. Additionally, the Department for Environment,t Food and Rural Affairs offers grants for genomic selection in minor livestock species under the Sustainable Farming Incentive. These scientific and regulatory enablers position the UK as an agile aninnovation-friendlyly agrigenomics market within the European context.

COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

Competition in the Europe agrigenomics market is defined by a dynamic interplay between global life science technologyprovidersr,s specialized genomic service laboratories,es and public research infrastructures vying to deliver scalable, accurate ,rate andpolicy-compliantt solutions. The market is highly influenced by the EU’s regulatory stance on genetic technologie,, whichfavours transgenicc approaches like marker-assisted selection and genomic selection while restricting gene editing. Differentiation centers on species expertise, datainteroperabilityt,y and integration with national breeding programs. Large firms like Illumina and Thermo Fisher dominate the instrumentation segment through established platforms and bioinformatics ecosystems, while service providers such as Eurofins compete on geographic reach regulatory accreditation, and customized trait panels. Public funding through Horizon Europe and national innovation programs lowers entry barriers but also intensifies collaboration demands. Regional disparities persist,ist with Western Europe leading in adoption, while Southern and Eastern Europe face cost and infrastructure gaps. Ultimately oury success hinges on balancing scientific rig,r regulatory alignment,ent and accessibility to serve both commercial agribusiness and public good breeding objectives across Europe’s diverse agricultural landscape.

KEY MARKET PLAYERS

These are the market players that are dominating the Europe agrigenomics market.

• Eurofins Scientific SE (Luxembourg)
• Agilent Technologies Inc. (U.S.)
• Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (U.S.)
• LGS Limited. (U.K.)
• Illumina Inc. (U.S.)
• Zoetis Inc. (U.S.)
• Neogen Corporation (U.S.)
• Galseq Srl Via Italia (Italy)
• Agrigenomics Inc. (U.S.)
• Biogenetic Services Inc. (U.S.)

Top Players In The Market

• Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc plays a pivotal role in the Europe agrigenomics market through its comprehensive portfolio of genomic technologies, including next-generation sequencers, genotypingarraysy,s and bioinformatics software tailored for crop and livestock applications. The company supplies its Ion Torrent and Applied Biosystems platforms to leading European research institutes such as INRAE in France and the John Innes Centre in the UK. Thermo Fisher has strengthened its position by expanding its agrigenomics service offeringsEuropeEu ro,pe including custom SNP panel design acloud-basedsed data analysis compliant with GDPR. Its innovations reinforce Thermo Fisher’s global leadership in life science tools while directly supporting Europe’s precision breeding and food security objectives.
• Illumina Inc is a cornerstone of the Europe agrigenomics ecosystem by providing the dominant sequencing infrastructure used across public and private breeding programs. Its HiSeq and NovaSeq platforms are deployed in national sequencing hubs, including Genoscope in France and the Earlham Institute in the U,K to support large-scale crop and livestock genomics initiatives. Illumina has deepened its European engagement by partnering with breeding cooperatives like CRV and VikingGenetics to develop species-specific library prep kits and analysis pipelines. Its strategic collaborations and product customizations position Illumina as an indispensable enabler of Europe’s genomic selection infrastructure with significant influence on global agrigenomics standards.
• Eurofins Scientific SE is a key contributor to the Europe agrigenomics market through its extensive network of laboratories offering DNA extraction, genotyping and trait purity testing services across twenty-two European countries. The company supports seed companies, livestock breeders,s and regulatory bodies with IS17025-accrediteded genomic analysis for variety registration and breeding compliance. Eurofins has strengthened its footprint by integrating artificial intelligence into its marker-assisted selection platforms to improve prediction accuracy for complex traits like drought tolerance and methane emission. Its actions solidify Eurofins’ role as a trusted and scalable service provider advancing both commercial and public good agrigenomics across the continent and globally.

Top Strategies Used By The Key Market Participants

Key players in the Europe agrigenomics market focus on developing species-specific and trait-focused genomic workflows that integrate sequencing, genotypin,g and bioinformatics intend-to-endnd breeding solutions. They form strategic partnerships with public research institutes, national breeding organization,s and seed companies tco-developop validated marker panels and reference databases. Companies invest in cloud-based and GDPR compliant data platforms to enable secure sharing of genomic information across borders. They expand service offerings to include minor crops and livestock species to align with EU biodiversity and sustainability mandates. Additionally, they leverage artificial intelligence and machine learning to enhance genomic prediction accuracy for complex polygenic traits such as climate resilience and feed efficiency in alignment with Farm to Fork objectives.

MARKET SEGMENTATION

This research report on the Europe agrigenomics market is segmented and sub-segmented into the following categories.

By Application

• crops
• livestock

By Objective

• DNA Extraction & Purification
• DNA/RNA Sequencing
• Genotyping
• Gene Expression Profiling
• Marker-Assisted Selection
• GMO/Trait Purity Testing
• Other Objectives

By Sequencer Type

• Sanger Sequencing
• Illumina HiSeq Family
• Pacbio Sequencers
• Solid Sequencers
• Other Sequencer Types

By Country

• UK
• France
• Spain
• Germany
• Italy
• Russia
• Sweden
• Denmark
• Switzerland
• Netherlands
• Turkey
• Czech Republic
• Rest of Europe